Unit 1 :- Diversity in Living World
Biology – its meaning and relevance to mankind
What is living; Taxonomic Categories and aids ( Botanical gardens, herbaria, museums, zoological parks ); Systematics and Binomial system of nomenclature.
Introductory classification of living organisms ( Two – kingdom system, Five – kingdom system ); Major groups of each kingdom alongwith their salient features ( Monera, including Archaebacteria and Cyanobacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia ); Viruses; Lichens
Plant Kingdom – Salient features of major groups ( Algae to Angiosperms );
Animal kingdom – Salient features of Non – chordates up to phylum, and Chordates up to class level.
Unit 2 :- Cell : The Unit of Life ; Structure and Function
Cell Wall; Cell Membrane; Endomembrane System ( ER, Golgi apparatus / Dictyosome, Lysosomes, Vacuoles ); Mitochondria; Plastids; Ribosomes; Cytoskeleton; Cilia and Flagella; Centrosome and Centriole; Nucleus; Microbodies.
Structural differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic, and between plant and animal cells. Cell Cycle ( various phases ); Mitosis; Meiosis.
Biomolecules – Structure and function of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids.
Enzymes – Chemical nature, types, properties and mechanism of action.
Unit 3 :- Genetics and Evolution
Mendelian inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Gene interaction; Incomplete dominance; Co – dominance; Complementary genes; Multiple alleles;
Linkage and Crossing over; Inheritance patterns of hemophilia and blood groups in humans.
DNA – its organization and replication; Transcription and Translation; Gene expression and regulation; DNA fingerprinting.
Theories and evidences of evolution, including modern Darwinism.
Unit 4 :- Structure and Function – Plants
Morphology of a flowering plant; Tissues and tissue systems in plants;
Anatomy and function of root, stem ( including modifications ), leaf, inflorescence, flower ( including position and arrangement of different whorls, placentation ), fruit and seed; Types of fruit; Secondary growth;
Absorption and movement of water ( including diffusion, osmosis and water relations of cell ) and of nutrients; Translocation of food; Transpiration and gaseous exchange; Mechanism of stomatal movement.
Mineral nutrition – Macro – and micro – nutrients in plants including deficiency disorders; Biological nitrogen fixation mechanism.
Photosynthesis – Light reaction, cyclic and non – cyclic photophosphorylation; Various pathways of carbon dioxide fixation; Photorespiration; Limiting factors .
Respiration – Anaerobic, Fermentation, Aerobic; Glycolysis, TCA cycle; Electron transport system; Energy relations.
Unit 5 :- Structure and Function – Animals
Tissues;
Elementary knowledge of morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems of earthworm, cockroach and frog.
Human Physiology – Digestive system – organs, digestion and absorption; Respiratory system – organs, breathing and exchange and transport of gases. Body fluids and circulation – Blood, lymph, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity; Hypertension, Coronary artery diseases.
Excretion System – Urine formation, regulation of kidney function
Locomotion and movement – Skeletal system, joints, muscles, types of movement.
Control and co-ordination – Central and peripheral nervous systems, structure and function of neuron, reflex action and sensory reception; Role of various types of endocrine glands; Mechanism of hormone action.
Unit 6 :- Reproduction, Growth and Movement in Plants
Asexual methods of reproduction; Sexual Reproduction – Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination ( Types and agents ); Fertilization; Development of embryo, endosperm, seed and fruit ( including parthenocarpy and apomixis ).
Growth and Movement – Growth phases; Types of growth regulators and their role in seed dormancy, germination and movement; Apical dominance; Senescence; Abscission; Photo – periodism; Vernalisation; Various types of movements.
Unit 7 :- Reproduction and Development in Humans
Male and female reproductive systems; Menstrual cycle; Gamete production; Fertilisation; Implantation; Embryo development; Pregnancy and parturition; Birth control and contraception.
Unit 8 :- Ecology and Environment
Meaning of ecology, environment, habitat and niche.
Ecological levels of organization ( organism to biosphere ); Characteristics of Species, Population, Biotic Community and Ecosystem; Succession and Climax.
Ecosystem – Biotic and abiotic components; Ecological pyramids; Food chain and Food web; Energy flow; Major types of ecosystems including agroecosystem.
Ecological adaptations – Structural and physiological features in plants and animals of aquatic and desert habitats.
Biodiversity – Meaning, types and conservation strategies ( Biosphere reserves, National parks and Sanctuaries )
Environmental Issues – Air and Water Pollution ( sources and major pollutants ); Global warming and Climate change; Ozonedepletion; Noise pollution; Radioactive pollution; Methods of pollution control ( including an idea of bioremediation ); Deforestation; Extinction of species ( Hot Spots ).
Unit 9 :- Biology and Human Welfare
Animal husbandry – Livestock, Poultry, Fisheries; Major animal diseases and their control. Pathogens of major communicable diseases of humans caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans and helminths, and their control.
Cancer; AIDS.
Adolescence and drug / alcohol abuse;
Basic concepts of immunology.
Plant Breeding and Tissue Culture in crop improvement.
Biofertilisers ( green manure, symbiotic and free – living nitrogen – fixing microbes, mycorrhizae );
Biopesticides ( micro – organisms as biocontrol agents for pests and pathogens ); Bioherbicides;
Microorganisms as pathogens of plant diseases with special reference to rust and smut of wheat, bacterial leaf blight of rice, late blight of potato, bean mosaic, and root – knot of vegetables.
Bioenergy – Hydrocarbon – rich plants as substitute of fossil fuels.
Unit 10 :- Biotechnology and its Applications
Microbes as ideal system for biotechnology;
Microbial technology in food processing, industrial production ( alcohol, acids, enzymes, antibiotics ), sewage treatment and energy generation.
Steps in recombinant DNA technology – restriction enzymes, DNA insertion by vectors and other methods, regeneration of recombinants
Biology – its meaning and relevance to mankind
What is living; Taxonomic Categories and aids ( Botanical gardens, herbaria, museums, zoological parks ); Systematics and Binomial system of nomenclature.
Introductory classification of living organisms ( Two – kingdom system, Five – kingdom system ); Major groups of each kingdom alongwith their salient features ( Monera, including Archaebacteria and Cyanobacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia ); Viruses; Lichens
Plant Kingdom – Salient features of major groups ( Algae to Angiosperms );
Animal kingdom – Salient features of Non – chordates up to phylum, and Chordates up to class level.
Unit 2 :- Cell : The Unit of Life ; Structure and Function
Cell Wall; Cell Membrane; Endomembrane System ( ER, Golgi apparatus / Dictyosome, Lysosomes, Vacuoles ); Mitochondria; Plastids; Ribosomes; Cytoskeleton; Cilia and Flagella; Centrosome and Centriole; Nucleus; Microbodies.
Structural differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic, and between plant and animal cells. Cell Cycle ( various phases ); Mitosis; Meiosis.
Biomolecules – Structure and function of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids.
Enzymes – Chemical nature, types, properties and mechanism of action.
Unit 3 :- Genetics and Evolution
Mendelian inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Gene interaction; Incomplete dominance; Co – dominance; Complementary genes; Multiple alleles;
Linkage and Crossing over; Inheritance patterns of hemophilia and blood groups in humans.
DNA – its organization and replication; Transcription and Translation; Gene expression and regulation; DNA fingerprinting.
Theories and evidences of evolution, including modern Darwinism.
Unit 4 :- Structure and Function – Plants
Morphology of a flowering plant; Tissues and tissue systems in plants;
Anatomy and function of root, stem ( including modifications ), leaf, inflorescence, flower ( including position and arrangement of different whorls, placentation ), fruit and seed; Types of fruit; Secondary growth;
Absorption and movement of water ( including diffusion, osmosis and water relations of cell ) and of nutrients; Translocation of food; Transpiration and gaseous exchange; Mechanism of stomatal movement.
Mineral nutrition – Macro – and micro – nutrients in plants including deficiency disorders; Biological nitrogen fixation mechanism.
Photosynthesis – Light reaction, cyclic and non – cyclic photophosphorylation; Various pathways of carbon dioxide fixation; Photorespiration; Limiting factors .
Respiration – Anaerobic, Fermentation, Aerobic; Glycolysis, TCA cycle; Electron transport system; Energy relations.
Unit 5 :- Structure and Function – Animals
Tissues;
Elementary knowledge of morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems of earthworm, cockroach and frog.
Human Physiology – Digestive system – organs, digestion and absorption; Respiratory system – organs, breathing and exchange and transport of gases. Body fluids and circulation – Blood, lymph, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity; Hypertension, Coronary artery diseases.
Excretion System – Urine formation, regulation of kidney function
Locomotion and movement – Skeletal system, joints, muscles, types of movement.
Control and co-ordination – Central and peripheral nervous systems, structure and function of neuron, reflex action and sensory reception; Role of various types of endocrine glands; Mechanism of hormone action.
Unit 6 :- Reproduction, Growth and Movement in Plants
Asexual methods of reproduction; Sexual Reproduction – Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination ( Types and agents ); Fertilization; Development of embryo, endosperm, seed and fruit ( including parthenocarpy and apomixis ).
Growth and Movement – Growth phases; Types of growth regulators and their role in seed dormancy, germination and movement; Apical dominance; Senescence; Abscission; Photo – periodism; Vernalisation; Various types of movements.
Unit 7 :- Reproduction and Development in Humans
Male and female reproductive systems; Menstrual cycle; Gamete production; Fertilisation; Implantation; Embryo development; Pregnancy and parturition; Birth control and contraception.
Unit 8 :- Ecology and Environment
Meaning of ecology, environment, habitat and niche.
Ecological levels of organization ( organism to biosphere ); Characteristics of Species, Population, Biotic Community and Ecosystem; Succession and Climax.
Ecosystem – Biotic and abiotic components; Ecological pyramids; Food chain and Food web; Energy flow; Major types of ecosystems including agroecosystem.
Ecological adaptations – Structural and physiological features in plants and animals of aquatic and desert habitats.
Biodiversity – Meaning, types and conservation strategies ( Biosphere reserves, National parks and Sanctuaries )
Environmental Issues – Air and Water Pollution ( sources and major pollutants ); Global warming and Climate change; Ozonedepletion; Noise pollution; Radioactive pollution; Methods of pollution control ( including an idea of bioremediation ); Deforestation; Extinction of species ( Hot Spots ).
Unit 9 :- Biology and Human Welfare
Animal husbandry – Livestock, Poultry, Fisheries; Major animal diseases and their control. Pathogens of major communicable diseases of humans caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans and helminths, and their control.
Cancer; AIDS.
Adolescence and drug / alcohol abuse;
Basic concepts of immunology.
Plant Breeding and Tissue Culture in crop improvement.
Biofertilisers ( green manure, symbiotic and free – living nitrogen – fixing microbes, mycorrhizae );
Biopesticides ( micro – organisms as biocontrol agents for pests and pathogens ); Bioherbicides;
Microorganisms as pathogens of plant diseases with special reference to rust and smut of wheat, bacterial leaf blight of rice, late blight of potato, bean mosaic, and root – knot of vegetables.
Bioenergy – Hydrocarbon – rich plants as substitute of fossil fuels.
Unit 10 :- Biotechnology and its Applications
Microbes as ideal system for biotechnology;
Microbial technology in food processing, industrial production ( alcohol, acids, enzymes, antibiotics ), sewage treatment and energy generation.
Steps in recombinant DNA technology – restriction enzymes, DNA insertion by vectors and other methods, regeneration of recombinants